Collect2: Error: Ld Returned 1 Exit Status And Also ../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: Cannot Find -lstm32f4xx_hal

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Understanding the Error Messages

When working with embedded systems, especially with microcontrollers like the STM32F4xx series, it's not uncommon to encounter errors during the compilation process. In this article, we'll delve into the error messages and provide a step-by-step guide to resolve the issues.

Error Message 1: Collect2: Error: Ld Returned 1 Exit Status

The first error message indicates that the linker (ld) returned a non-zero exit status, which is typically an error. This message is usually followed by a more detailed error message that provides information about the specific issue.

Error Message 2: ../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: Cannot Find -lstm32f4xx_hal

The second error message indicates that the linker (ld) cannot find the library (-lstm32f4xx_hal) that is required for the compilation process. This library is likely a part of the STM32F4xx HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer) driver.

Causes of the Errors

After analyzing the error messages, we can identify the following causes:

  1. Multiple Definitions: The error messages indicate that there are multiple definitions of the same functions (e.g., _start, timer_flag, main, GPIO_Init, Timer2_Init, and TIM2_IRQHandler). This is likely due to the inclusion of multiple source files that define the same functions.
  2. Missing Library: The linker (ld) cannot find the required library (-lstm32f4xx_hal) that is necessary for the compilation process.

Resolving the Errors

To resolve the errors, we need to address the causes mentioned above. Here are the steps to follow:

Step 1: Remove Duplicate Definitions

The first step is to remove the duplicate definitions of the same functions. We can do this by:

  • Removing duplicate source files: If there are multiple source files that define the same functions, we can remove the duplicate files or merge them into a single file.
  • Using include guards: We can use include guards to prevent multiple inclusions of the same header file, which can lead to duplicate definitions.

Step 2: Add the Missing Library

The second step is to add the missing library (-lstm32f4xx_hal) to the linker command. We can do this by:

  • Adding the library path: We need to add the path to the library (-lstm32f4xx_hal) to the linker command. This can be done by specifying the library path using the -L option.
  • Adding the library name: We need to add the name of the library (-lstm32f4xx_hal) to the linker command. This can be done by specifying the library name using the -l option.

Example Makefile

Here's an example Makefile that demonstrates how to add the missing library and remove duplicate definitions:

CC = arm-none-eabi-gcc
CFLAGS = -mcpu=cortex-m4 -mthumb -Wall -g -O0 -Iinclude -DSTM32401xE
LDFLAGS = -Tlinker/STM32F4xx.ld -Llib/Drivers/STM32F4xx_HAL_Driver -lstm32f4xx_hal

all: build/timer_blink.elf

build/timer_blink.elf: src/main.c startup/startup_stm32f4xx.s
    $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c src/main.c -o build/src/main.o
    $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c startup/startup_stm32f4xx.s -o build/startup/startup_stm32f4xx.o
    $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) build/src/main.o build/startup/startup_stm32f4xx.o -o build/timer_blink.elf

Conclusion

In this article, we've discussed the error messages collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status and ../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: cannot find -lstm32f4xx_hal. We've identified the causes of the errors and provided a step-by-step guide to resolve them. By following these steps, we can remove duplicate definitions and add the missing library to the linker command, ensuring successful compilation of our embedded system project.

Additional Resources

For further information on the STM32F4xx HAL driver and the linker (ld) command, please refer to the following resources:

Frequently Asked Questions

In this article, we'll address some of the most frequently asked questions related to the error messages collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status and ../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: cannot find -lstm32f4xx_hal.

Q: What is the cause of the error message "collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status"?

A: The error message "collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status" indicates that the linker (ld) returned a non-zero exit status, which is typically an error. This message is usually followed by a more detailed error message that provides information about the specific issue.

Q: What is the cause of the error message "../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: cannot find -lstm32f4xx_hal"?

A: The error message "../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: cannot find -lstm32f4xx_hal" indicates that the linker (ld) cannot find the library (-lstm32f4xx_hal) that is required for the compilation process. This library is likely a part of the STM32F4xx HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer) driver.

Q: How do I resolve the error message "collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status"?

A: To resolve the error message "collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status", you need to address the underlying issue that caused the linker (ld) to return a non-zero exit status. This can be done by:

  • Removing duplicate definitions: If there are multiple definitions of the same functions, you can remove the duplicate definitions or merge them into a single file.
  • Using include guards: You can use include guards to prevent multiple inclusions of the same header file, which can lead to duplicate definitions.
  • Adding the missing library: If the linker (ld) cannot find the required library, you can add the library path and name to the linker command.

Q: How do I resolve the error message "../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: cannot find -lstm32f4xx_hal"?

A: To resolve the error message "../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: cannot find -lstm32f4xx_hal", you need to add the missing library (-lstm32f4xx_hal) to the linker command. This can be done by:

  • Adding the library path: You need to add the path to the library (-lstm32f4xx_hal) to the linker command. This can be done by specifying the library path using the -L option.
  • Adding the library name: You need to add the name of the library (-lstm32f4xx_hal) to the linker command. This can be done by specifying the library name using the -l option.

Q: What are some common mistakes that can cause the error message "collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status"?

A: Some common mistakes that can cause the error message "collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status" include:

  • Duplicate definitions: If there are multiple definitions of the same functions, it can cause the linker (ld) to return a non-zero exit status.
  • Missing libraries: If the linker (ld) cannot find the required libraries, it can cause the linker (ld) to return a non-zero exit status.
  • Incorrect linker command: If the linker command is incorrect, it can cause the linker (ld) to return a non-zero exit status.

Q: What are some common mistakes that can cause the error message "../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: cannot find -lstm32f4xx_hal"?

A: Some common mistakes that can cause the error message "../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: cannot find -lstm32f4xx_hal" include:

  • Missing library path: If the library path is not specified, the linker (ld) cannot find the required library.
  • Missing library name: If the library name is not specified, the linker (ld) cannot find the required library.
  • Incorrect linker command: If the linker command is incorrect, the linker (ld) cannot find the required library.

Conclusion

In this article, we've addressed some of the most frequently asked questions related to the error messages collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status and ../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: cannot find -lstm32f4xx_hal. We've provided information on how to resolve these errors and common mistakes that can cause them. By following these tips, you can ensure successful compilation of your embedded system project.